National language
A national language is a language (or language variant, i.e. dialect) which has some connection—de facto or de jure—with a people and perhaps by extension the territory they occupy. The term is used variously. A national language may for instance represent the national identity of a nation or country. National language may alternatively be a designation given to one or more languages spoken as first languages in the territory of a country.
C.M.B. Brann, with particular reference to Africa, suggests that there are "four quite distinctive meanings" for national language in a polity:[1]
- "Territorial language" (chthonolect, sometimes known as chtonolect[2]) of a particular people
- "Regional language" (choralect)
- "Language-in-common or community language" (demolect) used throughout a country
- "Central language" (politolect) used by government and perhaps having a symbolic value.
The last seems often to be given the title "official language."
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Official versus national languages
"National language" and "official language" are best understood as two concepts or legal categories with ranges of meaning that may coincide, or may be intentionally separate. Obviously a stateless nation is not in the position to legislate an official language, but their language may be considered a national language.
Some languages may be recognized popularly as "national languages," while others may enjoy a high degree of official recognition. Some examples of national languages that are not official languages include Aromanian, Cherokee, and Navajo (and other living Native American languages).
Certain languages may enjoy government recognition or even status as official languages in some countries while not in others.
Examples
Pakistan
Article 251(1) of the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan, titled National language, specifies: "The National language of Pakistan is Urdu, and arrangements shall be made for its being used for official and other purposes within fifteen years from the commencing day."[3]National Language Authority is an organization established to make these arrangements,since 1979.
Mainland China and Taiwan
- See also: Standard Mandarin and History of Standard Mandarin.
In China, plenty of spoken variants exist in different parts of the country. In ancient times, several local dialects were chosen as the official spoken language, such as the dialects from Hangzhou, Nanjing, etc.
After the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, the Kuomintang (Chinese nationalists) founded the Republic of China (ROC). In order to promote a sense of national unity and enhance the efficiency of communications within the nation, the ROC decided to designate a national language. The Beijing dialect of Mandarin and Guangzhou dialect of Cantonese were the most popular options. Ultimately the Beijing dialect was chosen as the national language and given the name "國語" in Chinese (Pinyin: Guóyǔ, lit. national language, commonly known as "Standard Mandarin" in English). In the beginning there were attempts to introduce elements from other Chinese spoken variants into the national language, in addition to those existing in the Beijing dialect. But this was deemed too difficult, and was abandoned in 1924. Since then the Beijing dialect became the major source of standard national pronunciation, due to its prestigious status in the preceding Qing Dynasty. Elements from other dialects continue to exist in the standard language.
After the Chinese Civil War in 1949, the Chinese Communist Party established the People's Republic of China (PRC) in mainland China. The Kuomintang regime of the Republic of China retreated to the island of Taiwan and maintained the same policy. Similarly, the People's Republic of China, which administers mainland China, continued the effort, and renamed the national language that is largely based on the Beijing dialect as "普通話" (Pinyin: pǔtōnghuà, lit. common speech).[4]
European Union
The European Union has a list of 23 official languages, including English, French, German, Spanish, Danish, Dutch, Greek, Portuguese, Polish, Italian, Hungarian, Bulgarian, Irish and others.
Finland
Finland has two national languages: namely the Finnish language and the Swedish language according to the Constitution of Finland.[5][6] The Language Act details the use of them by public authorities.[7] However, there is an aboriginal nation Sami and another group Romani that have their languages mentioned as legal to be maintained and developed by such groups. The Sami have partial right to use Sami languages in official situations according to other laws.
The Swedish language (6% of the people) is a valid language everywhere in Finland, whereas the Finnish language (92% of the people) is most widely used, but the former is not legally valid everywhere.[6] Despite the large difference in the numbers of users, Swedish is not officially classified as a minority language but equal to Finnish. Finnish is legally in many cases banned in Åland Islands. In specific cases, Finnish in particular may be forbidden in other regions in Finland, but in Sweden and Norway too.
Most often, bilingual Finns are counted as Swedes. Leading politicians have during the 2000s begun to proclaim that in order to have the identity of a Finn, one must possess Swedish skills. Both national languages are compulsory subjects in school (except for children with a third language as mother tongue) and a language test is a prerequisite for governmental offices where a university degree is required.
India
The term "National Language" is not mentioned in the Constitution of India. Indian law specifies Hindi & English as Official languages of the Indian Union. Article 343 of the constitution specifies that the Official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script.Article 354 specifies that the legislature of a State may by law adopt any one or more of the languages in use in the State or Hindi as the Language or Languages to be used for all or any of the Official purposes of that State.[8] Section 8 of The Official Languages Act of 1963 (as amended in 1967) empowers the Union Government to make rules regarding the languages which may be used for the Official purposes of the Union, for transaction of business in Parliament, and for communication between the Union Government and the states.[9] Section 3 of G.S.R. 1053, titled "Rules, 1976 (As Amended, 1987)" specifies that communications from a Central (Union) Government office to a State or a Union Territory in shall, save in exceptional cases (Region "A") or shall ordinarily (Region "B"), be in Hindi, and if any communication is issued to any of them in English it shall be accompanied by a Hindi translation thereof. Section 3 of G.S.R. 1053, titled "Rules, 1976 states Communications from a Central Government office to State or Union Territory in Region "C" or to any office (not being a Central Government office) or person in such State shall be in English. Region C (South India) covers Tamil Nadu, Kerala , Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh [10]
Ireland
Irish (Gaeilge), a Celtic language, is recognized as the primary constitutional language of the Republic of Ireland; notwithstanding that English is the de facto language of the nation as a result of centuries of English rule. Irish is the main community and household language of 3% of the population.[11] However, 42% of the population of the Republic of Ireland claimed to have the ability to speak Irish in the 2006 national census.[12] Of these, 538,283 (32.5%) speak Irish on a daily basis (taking into account both native speakers and those inside the education system), 97,089 (5.9%) weekly, 581,574 (35.1%) less often, and 412,846 (24.9%) never. 26,998 (1.6%) respondents did not state how often they spoke Irish. The Irish government is committed to the development of a bilingual society, where as many people as possible can use Irish and English with equal ease and facility.[13]
In Northern Ireland, the Irish language has little legal standing.
Malta
In Malta, the Maltese language is the national language. This is recognised as official as well together with English. In Malta the people speak the Maltese language and it is recognised as "national" in Chapter 1 of the Laws of Malta.
Namibia
Although English is the only nationwide official language in Namibia, there are also 20 National languages, which are each spoken by more or less sizeable portions of the population and are considered Namibia's cultural heritage. All national languages have the rights of a minority language and may even serve as a lingua franca in certain regions. Among Namibia's national languages are German, Afrikaans, Oshiwambo, Otjiherero, Portuguese, as well as the languages of the Himba, Nama, San, Kavango and Damara.
Philippines
The 1973 Philippine constitution designated English and Pilipino (a Tagalog-based language) as official languages, "... until otherwise provided by law", and mandated development and formal adoption of a common national language to be known as Filipino.
The 1987 constitution designated the Filipino language, which is based on Tagalog with the inclusion of terms from all recognized languages of the Philippines, as the national language. It also designated both Filipino and English as the official languages for purposes of communication and instruction, and designated the regional languages as auxiliary official languages in the regions to serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein.
More than 170 languages are spoken in the Philippines and almost all of them belong to the Borneo-Philippines languages group of the Austronesian language family. As of 2008, leaders from the Ilocos region and other Ilocano-dominated provinces are considering the possible declaration of Ilocano language as an official language in their provinces along with the national language to foster the continuity of their language and heritage.
Singapore
In Singapore, the Malay language is the national and official language, since it is the native language of Malay Singaporeans, who were the original inhabitants of the land but are now a minority due to mass ethnic Chinese immigration and who, as of the 2000 census, make up only about 14% of the total population of 4.55 million.[14] Three other languages enjoy official language status, including English, which is the language of business and governance and the medium of instruction in public schools; Mandarin Chinese, and Tamil.[15]
Syria
In Syria, the Arabic Language is the official language.[16]. Arabic is not the historical language of Syria, which is Syriac, which it is widely spoken all over the country. As of 2010[update] there has been a tendency by the government to change the official language to Syriac.
United Kingdom
The English language is the de facto official language of the United Kingdom, and is spoken monolingually by an estimated 95% of the British population.[17]
United States
In the United States, English is the national language only in an informal sense, by numbers and by historical and contemporary association. The United States Constitution does not explicitly declare any official language, although the constitution is written in English, as is all federal legislation.
On February 11, 2009, Representative Steve King (R-IA.) introduced House Bill H.R.997, to declare English as the official language of the United States. On May 5, 2009, Senator Jim Inhofe (R-OK) introduced Senate Bill S.991 as a companion bill.
On February 26, 2009, Representative Steve King (R-IA.) introduced House Bill H.R.1229, a bill to amend title 4, United States Code, to declare English as the official language of the Government of the United States, and for other purposes.. On May 6, 2009, Senator Jim Inhofe (R-OK) introduced Bill S.992 as a companion bill.
As of October 2009[update], the last major actions on these bills were:[18]
| Bill | Last Major Action | Date |
|---|---|---|
| H.R.997 | Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties | July 23, 2009 |
| S.991 | Referred to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs | May 6, 2009 |
| H.R.1229 | Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties | August 19, 2009 |
| S.992 | Referred to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs | May 6, 2009 |
Previous incarnations of these bills were co-written and supported by California millionaire Ron Unz.
Vietnam
In Vietnam, the Vietnamese language is the national language .
See also
- Ethnolect
- Indigenous language
- Language policy
- Regional language
- Standard language
- Official language
- Working language
References
- ↑ Brann, C.M.B. 1994. "The National Language Question: Concepts and Terminology." Logos [University of Namibia, Windhoek] Vol 14: 125-134
- ↑ Wolff, H. Ekkehard "African Languages: An Introduction Ch./Art: Language and Society p. 321 pub. Cambride University Press 2000
- ↑ "PART XII (contd); Miscellaneous; Chapter 4. General", The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, August 14, 1973, http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/part12.ch4.html, retrieved 2008-04-22
- ↑ General Information of the People's Republic of China (PRC): Languages, chinatoday.com, http://www.chinatoday.com/general/a.htm#LANGU, retrieved 2008-04-17
- ↑ Finland - Constitution, http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/fi00000_.html, Section 17. International Constitutional Law website.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Alfredson, Bb; Annerstedt, L (Nov 1994), "Sweden: People" (– Scholar search), Journal of advanced nursing (CIA World Factbook) 20 (5): 964–74, ISSN 0309-2402, PMID 7745191, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fi.html#People
- ↑ Language Act : Unofficial Translation. Ministry of Justice. (PDF) Retrieved 2009-11-06.
- ↑ Official Language related—Part 17 of the Constitution of India, Government of India, http://rajbhasha.nic.in/consteng.htm, retrieved 2007-11-15
- ↑ Official Languages Act of 1963, as amended 1967, Government of India, 1963, http://rajbhasha.nic.in/dolacteng.htm, retrieved 2007-11-15
- ↑ Rules, 1976 (As Amended, 1987), Government of India, http://rajbhasha.nic.in/dolruleseng.htm, retrieved 2007-11-15
- ↑ Government of Ireland, Statement on the Irish Language 2006PDF (919 KB). Retrieved on 21 January 2008
- ↑ "Census 2006 – Principal Demographic Results" (PDF). Central Statistics Office. http://www.cso.ie/census/documents/Final%20Principal%20Demographic%20Results%202006.pdf. Retrieved 2007-06-19.
- ↑ "Statement on the Irish Language 2006" (PDF). Government of Ireland. http://www.pobail.ie/en/IrishLanguage/StatementontheIrishLanguage2006/file,7802,en.pdf. Retrieved 2007-06-19.
- ↑ "World Factbook — Singapore". CIA. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sn.html. Retrieved 2007-09-10.
- ↑ "Languages of singapore". Ethonologue. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=SG. Retrieved 2007-09-10.
- ↑ Syria - Constitution {Adopted on: 13 March 1973}. Constitutional Documents
- ↑ In the United Kingdom, English is established by de facto usage. In Wales, the Bwrdd yr Iaith Gymraeg is legally tasked with ensuring that, "in the conduct of public business and the administration of justice, the English and Welsh languages should be treated on a basis of equality". Welsh Language Act 1993, Office of Public Sector Information, http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1993/Ukpga_19930038_en_2.htm, retrieved 3 September 2007 Bòrd na Gàidhlig is tasked with "securing the status of the Gaelic language as an official language of Scotland commanding equal respect to the English language" Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005, Office of Public Sector Information, http://www.opsi.gov.uk/legislation/scotland/acts2005/asp_20050007_en_1, retrieved 9 March 2007
- ↑ The library of Congress : Thomas.
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